1900 - 1914 the consumer society
The Culture of Consumption
By 1900 all major industrial countries had become aware of the importance of the consumption of goods by their citizens... Read More
Changes in Retailing
There were also changes in retailing. The department stores estabIished in the second half of the 19th century - Bon Marche in Paris... Read More
1900's Woman
The middle-class woman ol the 1900s was less constrained than her mother would have been in the 1870s. She was still stiffly corseted and usually her blouse did up high at the throal. Her appearance would be completed with a towering edilice ol hat and hair.Read More
Luxury and Severity:
Roller-skating had been introduced by James L. Plimpton in 1863, and New York's social leaders, hoping it could be restricted to "the educated and refined classes," quickly made it fashionable. Their Roller Skating Association leased the Atlantic House in Newport and made over its dining-hall and piazza into a skatingrink. Read More
Poiret and Avant-garde Fashion
Poiret functioned as a kind of one-man cultural scene. He collected art, gave lavish costume parties and made astute use of the press while laying the groundwork for fashion design as a modern art and a modern business. His clients included Sarah Bernhardt, Nancy Cunard, Isadora Duncan, Colette and Helena Rubinstein. Man Ray photographed Peggy Guggenheim in a Poiret gown and turban. Edward Steichen’s first fashion photographs were taken of models in Poiret’s atelier. Read More
4 Special Features
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British School Sports
Together with such pastimes as lawn tennis, archery, and trapshooting, some of these clubs began also to provide facilities for a game new to America. It was far more important than yachting, coaching, or polo. Read More
 International Sporting EventsThe inauguration of international associations, for football in 1904 and lawn tennis in 1913, accelerated international competition. The modem Olnnpic mavement and its organizing body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was founded in 1895 by Pierre de Coubertin.
It was the exemplar for international amateur sport, in which the contestants participate without being paid. In common with other international bodies, it was controlled by middle- and upper-class men with economic... Read More
Women and Sports
There was a popular idea that women were unsuited to take part in vigorous sports. Only moderate exercise, without overindulgence or risk of strain, was considered suitable for females and their potential to have healthy children.
They might enjoy sports such as tennis and gymnastics, which were considered appropriate for women, or remedial and therapeutic forms of exercise, but women faced serious opposition and harsh ridicule if they wanted to participate in traditional male sports, which were supposed to have disabling and de-sexing characteristics. Read More
The Rise of Football and Spectator Sports
British football, as it developed in the state school system and clubs, transformed ideas about what modem sport means.
By 1910 there were 300,000 football players in 12,000 clubs registered with the Football Assoeiation (FA). After 1900, market forces increasingly replaced paternalism, and professional football was promoted by business patrons who saw opportunities to exploit the new mass demand for entertainment. Read More
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The Press and City Life
The first media moguls of the 20th century were the publishers of large-circulation American and British... Read More
The Rise of Advertising
The psychology of advertising and selling is each year receiving more assiduous attention. And it is among the findings of these researches that we must seek a partial answer to our query, "What are the psychological bases of choicemaking?" Read More
 Film Industry History
None of cinema' s inventors envisaged the vast entertainment industry that would develop from it, for no such industry, and no public for such an industry, had existed before. Read More
First Movie Theaters
Before 1910 the movies had discovered that sold cinema tickets; the earliest stars were stage actors like emme John Bunny or Biliy Anderson, bilied in 1912. But the greatest of Hollywood' s formative years were Fairbanks and Mary Pickford. Read More
Early European Film History
For much of the century's first decade, innovation in film production came more from Europe... Read More
The First Hollywood Stars:
Before 1910 the movies had discovered that sold cinema tickets...Read More
Ragtime and Dance
To one veteran songwriter and publisher the 1910s marked a crucial turning point: "The public of the... Read More
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